The Amazon basin harbors an unparalleled diversity of arboreal species, forming the foundation of its complex ecosystem. These woody plants represent a vast array of forms and functions, contributing significantly to the rainforest’s structure and dynamics. Examples include towering emergent species, dense canopy trees, and understory palms, each playing a unique role in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and habitat provision.
The existence of this rich arboreal flora is critical for maintaining biodiversity, regulating regional climate patterns, and supporting numerous ecosystem services. For millennia, indigenous populations have relied on these resources for sustenance, medicine, and cultural practices. Understanding this botanical wealth is therefore vital for sustainable management and conservation efforts in the face of increasing environmental pressures.
This article will delve into specific examples of notable species within the Amazon’s arboreal community, examining their ecological roles, adaptations, and the challenges they face. A closer look will be taken at economically important species, as well as those that are keystone to the rainforest’s intricate web of life. Subsequent sections will address conservation efforts and the future of this vital resource.
1. Emergent Layer Giants
Emergent Layer Giants are a distinct and vital component of the arboreal composition of the Amazon rainforest, representing the tallest trees within this ecosystem. Their presence significantly influences light penetration, rainfall interception, and wind patterns within the forest. These species, reaching heights exceeding 50 meters, exert a cascading effect on the lower strata. For instance, the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), a characteristic emergent, provides critical habitat for numerous epiphytes and avian species, while its massive root system stabilizes the soil, preventing erosion. Their existence demonstrably shapes the physical and biological characteristics of the understory. The absence of Emergent Layer Giants would fundamentally alter the rainforest’s structure and ecological processes.
The ecological importance of these trees extends beyond their physical stature. They are often keystone species, playing disproportionately large roles in maintaining ecosystem stability. For example, certain emergent trees serve as crucial nesting sites for harpy eagles, a top predator whose presence regulates prey populations. Understanding the specific requirements and vulnerabilities of these giants is paramount for effective conservation strategies. Deforestation and selective logging disproportionately target these large, commercially valuable trees, which profoundly impacts biodiversity and ecosystem function. Species like kapok (Ceiba pentandra) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), which often reach emergent status, are particularly susceptible.
In conclusion, Emergent Layer Giants are not merely tall trees; they are integral architects of the Amazon rainforest’s structure and function. Their presence supports a vast array of dependent species and regulates critical ecosystem processes. Protecting these giants requires targeted conservation efforts that address deforestation, promote sustainable forestry practices, and acknowledge the interconnectedness of all levels of the rainforest ecosystem. Further research into their physiology, ecology, and vulnerability to climate change is essential for ensuring their long-term survival and the health of the Amazon rainforest as a whole.
2. Canopy Dominance
Canopy Dominance in the Amazon rainforest refers to the uppermost layer of vegetation, primarily composed of the crowns of mature trees. This layer significantly influences light availability, humidity, and temperature within the forest understory. The specific arboreal species composing the canopy dictate the overall structure and function of the entire rainforest ecosystem.
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Light Interception and Photosynthesis
The canopy trees intercept the majority of sunlight, driving photosynthetic processes and influencing the growth of understory plants. Species with broad, dense canopies, such as those found in the genus Ficus, effectively block sunlight, creating a shaded understory environment that favors shade-tolerant species. This differential light availability is a major factor shaping species distribution within the rainforest.
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Rainfall Interception and Throughfall
Canopy trees intercept a significant portion of rainfall, altering water availability to the soil and understory. The structure of the canopy influences the pattern of throughfall, the water that reaches the ground. Trees with complex branching patterns, like the mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), tend to distribute rainfall more evenly, while others may channel water through specific points. The amount and distribution of rainfall influence nutrient cycling and soil moisture, affecting plant growth and decomposition rates.
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Canopy Gaps and Regeneration
The death of a canopy tree creates a gap, allowing increased sunlight to reach the forest floor. These gaps are critical for the regeneration of many tree species. Some species, known as pioneer species, such as Cecropia, are adapted to grow rapidly in high-light conditions. The composition of the canopy thus influences the dynamics of forest regeneration and the maintenance of biodiversity.
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Habitat Provision for Fauna
The canopy provides habitat for a vast array of animal species, including insects, birds, mammals, and reptiles. Canopy trees offer nesting sites, foraging resources, and shelter from predators. Different tree species support different communities of fauna, based on their leaf structure, flower production, and fruit availability. The interactions between canopy trees and fauna are critical for pollination, seed dispersal, and herbivore control.
In summary, Canopy Dominance, achieved through the specific assemblage of arboreal species, is a primary driver of ecosystem structure and function within the Amazon rainforest. The types of trees that dominate the canopy influence light and water availability, regeneration dynamics, and habitat provision, ultimately shaping the diversity and complexity of the entire ecosystem. Understanding the functional traits of these dominant species is crucial for predicting the rainforest’s response to environmental change and for guiding conservation efforts.
3. Understory Diversity
Understory Diversity, as a critical component of forest ecosystems, is directly influenced by the types of trees present in the Amazon rainforest. The composition of the overstory dictates light penetration, soil nutrient availability, and humidity levels, subsequently shaping the diversity and distribution of plant life in the understory. This intricate relationship necessitates a closer examination to fully understand the ecological dynamics at play.
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Light Availability and Shade Tolerance
The density and species composition of the canopy determine the amount of light reaching the understory. Certain types of trees in the Amazon rainforest create dense shade, favoring shade-tolerant species such as ferns, palms, and herbaceous plants. In contrast, areas with gaps in the canopy experience higher light levels, promoting the growth of pioneer species and shrubs. The differential light availability thus drives species zonation within the understory.
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Nutrient Cycling and Leaf Litter Composition
The chemical composition of leaf litter derived from various canopy trees influences nutrient cycling in the soil. Different tree species produce leaf litter with varying decomposition rates and nutrient content. This impacts soil fertility and the availability of essential nutrients for understory plants. For instance, certain leguminous trees enrich the soil with nitrogen, benefiting nitrogen-demanding understory species. The diversity of canopy trees contributes to a more heterogeneous soil nutrient environment, supporting a greater variety of understory plants.
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Herbivore Pressure and Plant Defenses
The types of trees present in the Amazon rainforest influence the herbivore community and the associated selective pressures on understory plants. Some tree species harbor specialized herbivores that also feed on understory plants. Consequently, understory plants have evolved a range of defense mechanisms, such as chemical compounds and physical barriers, to deter herbivory. The diversity of tree species and their associated herbivores contributes to the complexity of plant-herbivore interactions within the understory.
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Microclimate Modification and Habitat Provision
Canopy trees significantly modify the microclimate in the understory, influencing temperature, humidity, and air movement. The presence of trees reduces temperature fluctuations and increases humidity levels, creating a more stable environment for understory plants and animals. Furthermore, the structural complexity of the understory, composed of diverse plant species, provides habitat and refuge for numerous invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals. The types of trees in the Amazon rainforest thus play a crucial role in shaping the physical environment and providing habitat for the understory community.
In conclusion, Understory Diversity is intimately linked to the types of trees dominating the overstory in the Amazon rainforest. Light availability, nutrient cycling, herbivore pressure, and microclimate modification all serve as critical factors mediating this relationship. Understanding these interactions is essential for predicting the consequences of deforestation and for developing effective conservation strategies that maintain the biodiversity and ecological integrity of the rainforest.
4. Nutrient Cycling
Nutrient Cycling within the Amazon rainforest is inextricably linked to the diverse array of arboreal species present. Tree types directly influence the rate and pathways of nutrient flow through the ecosystem. Litterfall, the primary source of organic matter, varies in composition and decomposition rate depending on the dominant species. Leguminous trees, for instance, fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching the soil and supporting the growth of other plant life. The depth and extent of root systems also affect nutrient uptake from the soil profile, with different species exhibiting varying efficiencies in acquiring specific nutrients. The presence or absence of mycorrhizal associations, facilitated by certain tree types, further alters nutrient acquisition and transfer.
Specific examples illustrate this connection. Areas dominated by Eschweilera species often exhibit soils with high aluminum content due to the trees’ capacity to accumulate this element. In contrast, stands of Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut tree) contribute significantly to selenium cycling, as these trees accumulate selenium from the soil, which is then released through leaf litter and nut production. Deforestation drastically alters nutrient cycles, as the removal of trees leads to reduced litterfall, increased soil erosion, and leaching of nutrients. This can deplete soil fertility and hinder forest regeneration. Moreover, the introduction of non-native tree species can disrupt existing nutrient cycles, potentially leading to imbalances and ecosystem degradation. Understanding these relationships is critical for effective forest management and conservation efforts.
In summary, the types of trees present in the Amazon rainforest exert a profound influence on nutrient cycling processes. Through variations in litterfall composition, root architecture, mycorrhizal associations, and nutrient accumulation strategies, tree species shape the availability and flow of essential elements within the ecosystem. Understanding these connections is crucial for predicting the impacts of land-use change, managing forest resources sustainably, and conserving the extraordinary biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest. Further research focusing on species-specific nutrient dynamics is essential for informing evidence-based conservation strategies and mitigating the negative consequences of human activities on this vital ecosystem.
5. Economic Significance
The economic significance of the Amazon rainforest is intricately linked to its diverse tree species. Various arboreal species provide resources that contribute to local, regional, and global economies. The value derived from these resources ranges from timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. The sustainability of these economic activities is contingent upon responsible management and conservation of the forest’s biodiversity. Exploitation of specific trees, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) for high-value timber, illustrates both the economic potential and the ecological risk associated with unsustainable harvesting practices. Conversely, the sustainable harvest of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) exemplifies an economic activity that can contribute to forest conservation while providing livelihoods for local communities.
The economic value of the Amazon’s trees extends beyond direct resource extraction. Many species possess medicinal properties that are of pharmacological interest. Indigenous communities have long utilized various trees for traditional medicines, and ongoing research explores the potential for developing new drugs and therapies from these resources. Furthermore, the rainforest’s capacity to sequester carbon is increasingly recognized as an economically valuable ecosystem service. Carbon credits generated through forest conservation initiatives can provide financial incentives for protecting the forest and its tree diversity. Ecotourism, focused on the unique flora and fauna, represents another economic opportunity that depends on maintaining the integrity of the rainforest ecosystem.
The economic significance of the Amazon’s tree diversity is multifaceted and complex. While resource extraction can provide short-term economic gains, sustainable management practices and the recognition of ecosystem services are essential for long-term economic prosperity and environmental conservation. Balancing economic development with ecological preservation requires a holistic approach that considers the diverse values of the forest’s tree species and the needs of local communities.
6. Medicinal Properties
The Amazon rainforest, characterized by its staggering arboreal diversity, represents a vast repository of potential medicinal compounds. Indigenous communities have long utilized various tree species for therapeutic purposes, demonstrating an empirical understanding of their pharmacological properties. The correlation between specific ailments and the application of particular plant extracts provides a starting point for scientific investigation. For example, the bark of the cinchona tree (Cinchona officinalis), though not native to the Amazon, served as the original source of quinine, a crucial antimalarial drug. Similarly, extracts from Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw), a vine found in the Amazon, are purported to possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, leading to its widespread use in traditional medicine. The chemical complexity inherent in diverse tree species results in a broad spectrum of biological activities, offering potential avenues for drug discovery and development. However, the unsustainable harvesting of medicinal plants can threaten both the tree populations and the traditional knowledge associated with their use.
Further research into the medicinal properties of Amazonian trees requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Documenting traditional uses and conducting bioactivity-guided fractionation can facilitate the isolation and identification of active compounds. The potential for novel drug development is significant, particularly in areas such as infectious diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders. Nevertheless, it is crucial to ensure that any commercial exploitation of medicinal plants benefits local communities and contributes to forest conservation. This necessitates the establishment of fair trade practices, the promotion of sustainable harvesting methods, and the protection of intellectual property rights. Furthermore, in situ conservation efforts are vital to preserve the genetic diversity of medicinal trees and safeguard the future availability of these valuable resources.
In conclusion, the medicinal properties inherent in the diverse tree species of the Amazon rainforest constitute a valuable resource for potential drug discovery and sustainable economic development. Integrating traditional knowledge with scientific research, coupled with equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms and conservation initiatives, is essential for harnessing this potential while preserving the rainforest’s biodiversity and cultural heritage. The long-term sustainability of medicinal plant use depends on responsible stewardship and a commitment to ethical and environmentally sound practices.
7. Habitat Provision
The structure and composition of the Amazon rainforest are fundamentally determined by the arboreal species present. This, in turn, dictates the provision of habitat for a diverse array of fauna, influencing community structure and ecological interactions. The types of trees directly impact food availability, shelter, nesting sites, and protection from predators, creating a complex web of dependencies.
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Canopy Structure and Arboreal Fauna
The architecture of the forest canopy, shaped by the dominant tree species, dictates habitat availability for arboreal animals. Trees with dense foliage, such as those in the genus Ficus, provide extensive cover and foraging opportunities for primates, sloths, and numerous bird species. Epiphytes growing on tree branches create microhabitats for insects, amphibians, and reptiles, further contributing to the overall biodiversity of the canopy.
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Cavity Trees and Nesting Sites
Certain tree species, particularly those prone to decay or possessing soft wood, develop cavities that serve as critical nesting sites for birds, mammals, and insects. The size and shape of these cavities vary depending on the tree species and the processes of decay, influencing which organisms can utilize them. For example, large trees like Ceiba pentandra often develop cavities suitable for larger birds such as macaws, while smaller trees provide habitat for cavity-nesting insects.
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Fruit and Seed Production as Food Resources
The fruiting and seed-bearing phenology of different tree species provides a diverse and fluctuating food resource for frugivores and seed predators. The timing of fruit production, the nutritional content of fruits and seeds, and the accessibility of these resources all influence the distribution and abundance of animal populations. Trees such as Euterpe oleracea (aa palm) produce fruits that are a critical food source for many bird and mammal species, while others, like Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut), produce seeds that are dispersed by specialized seed predators.
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Root Systems and Terrestrial Habitats
The root systems of Amazonian trees also contribute to habitat provision. Buttress roots, common in many tree species, create sheltered spaces for terrestrial animals. The accumulation of leaf litter and organic matter around the base of trees provides a substrate for invertebrates and fungi, supporting complex food webs on the forest floor. The presence of large trees can also stabilize soil, preventing erosion and maintaining suitable conditions for terrestrial habitats.
The interconnectedness between tree types and habitat provision in the Amazon rainforest highlights the importance of maintaining biodiversity. Deforestation and selective logging can drastically alter habitat structure, leading to population declines and species extinctions. Conservation efforts must prioritize the protection of diverse tree communities to ensure the continued provision of critical habitat for the rainforest’s unique fauna.
8. Carbon Sequestration
Carbon Sequestration in the Amazon rainforest is fundamentally determined by the physiological characteristics and ecological roles of its diverse arboreal species. The rate and magnitude of carbon uptake and storage are not uniform across all tree types, leading to variations in the rainforest’s overall carbon sequestration capacity. Understanding these variations is critical for accurate carbon accounting and effective forest management.
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Wood Density and Carbon Storage
Wood density is a primary determinant of long-term carbon storage in trees. Species with high wood density, such as those belonging to the genus Dipteryx, accumulate significantly more carbon per unit volume than species with low wood density. Forests dominated by high-density tree species therefore exhibit greater carbon stocks. The selection or promotion of high-density species in reforestation or afforestation initiatives can enhance carbon sequestration potential. For example, a study comparing carbon stocks in forests dominated by different tree species found a significant positive correlation between average wood density and total carbon storage per hectare.
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Growth Rate and Carbon Uptake
Rapidly growing tree species generally exhibit higher rates of carbon uptake through photosynthesis. Pioneer species, which colonize disturbed areas, often have high growth rates and contribute significantly to carbon sequestration during early stages of forest regeneration. However, these species typically have shorter lifespans and lower wood densities compared to slower-growing, late-successional species. Therefore, the long-term carbon sequestration benefits of pioneer species may be limited. Balancing fast-growing and slow-growing species within a forest ecosystem is crucial for optimizing both short-term and long-term carbon sequestration.
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Root Systems and Soil Carbon Sequestration
Tree root systems play a crucial role in transferring carbon from aboveground biomass to the soil. Deep-rooted species can access and stabilize carbon in deeper soil layers, reducing the risk of carbon loss through decomposition. Additionally, root exudates contribute to the formation of soil organic matter, further enhancing soil carbon sequestration. The type of root system and its influence on soil organic matter dynamics vary among tree species. Therefore, promoting a diversity of tree species with different root architectures can maximize soil carbon storage.
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Leaf Litter Decomposition and Carbon Turnover
The rate of leaf litter decomposition influences carbon turnover in forest ecosystems. Tree species with slow-decomposing leaf litter contribute to long-term carbon storage in the soil, while species with fast-decomposing litter release carbon back into the atmosphere more quickly. The chemical composition of leaf litter, including lignin and nutrient content, determines its decomposability. Understanding the decomposition dynamics of leaf litter from different tree species is essential for predicting carbon fluxes and managing forest carbon cycles.
The complex interplay between the inherent characteristics of trees and their carbon sequestration capabilities underscores the importance of maintaining a diverse array of species within Amazonian ecosystems. By understanding the specific carbon dynamics of different tree species, conservation efforts can be tailored to maximize carbon storage while preserving the ecological integrity of this vital rainforest. The varying carbon sequestration rates based on tree variations in the Amazon also underscore the importance of considering forest composition for any global carbon accounting and carbon trading schemes.
Frequently Asked Questions
The following questions address common inquiries and misconceptions regarding the types of trees within the Amazon rainforest, clarifying their ecological roles and conservation status.
Question 1: What factors contribute to the exceptionally high diversity of tree species in the Amazon rainforest?
Several factors interact to promote the region’s botanical richness. Stable climatic conditions over long geological timescales, heterogeneous topography creating diverse microclimates, and complex evolutionary processes involving speciation and adaptation have all contributed to the proliferation of tree species. High levels of solar radiation and rainfall support rapid growth and resource availability, allowing for the coexistence of numerous species.
Question 2: Are all tree species in the Amazon rainforest equally important for ecosystem function?
No. While all species contribute to the overall biodiversity, certain tree types, designated as keystone species, exert disproportionately large influences on ecosystem processes. These species may provide critical resources for wildlife, regulate nutrient cycling, or structure habitats in ways that support numerous other organisms. Their loss can trigger cascading effects throughout the ecosystem.
Question 3: How does deforestation impact the diversity of trees in the Amazon rainforest?
Deforestation directly reduces the abundance and distribution of tree species. Selective logging often targets commercially valuable species, altering forest composition and reducing genetic diversity. Fragmentation of forest habitats isolates tree populations, limiting gene flow and increasing the risk of local extinctions. Furthermore, deforestation can disrupt nutrient cycles and alter microclimates, creating conditions unfavorable for the regeneration of many tree species.
Question 4: What are the primary threats to the survival of specific tree species in the Amazon rainforest?
The primary threats vary depending on the species. However, common threats include habitat loss due to deforestation for agriculture, logging, and mining; climate change, which alters rainfall patterns and increases the frequency of extreme weather events; and overexploitation for timber, non-timber forest products, and the pet trade. Invasive species also pose a threat by competing with native trees for resources and altering ecosystem dynamics.
Question 5: What conservation strategies are most effective for protecting tree diversity in the Amazon rainforest?
Effective conservation strategies include the establishment and enforcement of protected areas, sustainable forestry practices that minimize impacts on biodiversity, community-based conservation initiatives that empower local communities to manage forest resources, and efforts to combat climate change and reduce deforestation drivers. Ex-situ conservation measures, such as seed banks and botanical gardens, can also play a role in preserving genetic diversity.
Question 6: How can individuals contribute to the conservation of tree species in the Amazon rainforest?
Individuals can support conservation efforts by making informed purchasing decisions, such as choosing products made from sustainably sourced materials; reducing their consumption of products that contribute to deforestation, such as beef and palm oil; supporting organizations working to protect the Amazon rainforest; and advocating for policies that promote sustainable development and environmental protection.
Preserving the diversity of arboreal species in the Amazon demands a multifaceted approach that acknowledges their ecological significance and the anthropogenic pressures jeopardizing their continued existence.
The following section will discuss ongoing research and future directions for Amazon rainforest conservation.
“types of trees in the amazon rainforest” article tips
This section presents key considerations for writing an article centered on the diverse arboreal species of the Amazon rainforest.
Tip 1: Emphasize Species-Specific Adaptations: A well-written article should detail unique adaptations of specific trees. For example, the Brazil nut tree’s reliance on agoutis for seed dispersal or the flood tolerance mechanisms of trees in seasonally inundated areas.
Tip 2: Highlight Ecological Interdependencies: Illustrate the complex relationships between trees and other organisms. Discuss pollination strategies involving specific insects, or the role of trees in providing habitat for various animal species, thereby showcasing the interconnectedness within the rainforest ecosystem.
Tip 3: Incorporate Scientific Nomenclature: Use botanical names (genus and species) alongside common names to maintain precision and clarity. This approach strengthens the article’s credibility and enables readers to locate further information on specific trees.
Tip 4: Address Conservation Challenges: Discuss the impact of deforestation, climate change, and other threats on specific tree populations. Provide data on declining populations or habitat loss to emphasize the urgency of conservation efforts.
Tip 5: Include Visual Aids: Supplement the text with images, illustrations, or maps. Visual representations of tree morphology, distribution patterns, and ecological interactions can significantly enhance reader engagement and comprehension.
Tip 6: Explore Ethnobotanical Significance: Investigate the traditional uses of Amazonian trees by indigenous communities. Document medicinal applications, construction materials, or cultural significance to provide a broader perspective on the value of these resources.
Tip 7: Prioritize Accuracy and Current Data: Ensure all information is based on reliable sources and up-to-date scientific research. Reference peer-reviewed publications, reputable organizations, and expert opinions to maintain the article’s factual integrity.
By incorporating species-specific details, ecological connections, scientific rigor, conservation considerations, and appropriate visual aids, an article centered on the arboreal diversity of the Amazon rainforest can inform, engage, and inspire readers.
The subsequent section will summarize the core insights from the preceding exploration of Amazonian trees.
Conclusion
The investigation of arboreal composition reveals the Amazon rainforest as a system of profound complexity and critical ecological importance. Species variations shape habitat structures, influence nutrient cycles, affect carbon sequestration rates, and provision resources for a vast array of dependent organisms. Understanding these diverse types of trees, their individual attributes, and interconnected functions remains paramount.
The ongoing deforestation and environmental changes in the Amazon basin necessitates a renewed commitment to conservation, scientific research, and sustainable practices. Protection efforts, informed by knowledge of arboreal species and ecosystem dynamics, will determine the preservation of this invaluable global resource. Continued investigation is vital to fully understand and appropriately value the diversity and ecological roles of different types of trees in the amazon rainforest.
